In this work we describe the development of cost and performance projections for utility-scale lithium-ion battery systems, with a focus on 4-hour duration systems. The projections are developed from an
The 2022 Cost and Performance Assessment provides the levelized cost of storage (LCOS). The two metrics determine the average price that a unit of energy output would need to be sold at to cover all
What factors influence the cost of commercial battery energy storage systems? Key factors influencing the cost include battery chemistry, system capacity, discharge duration,
Additional storage technologies will be added as representative cost and performance metrics are verified. The interactive figure below presents results on the total installed ESS cost ranges by
Many airports are served by power distribution networks that already operate near capacity. Grid upgrades are expensive and usually take years to complete — in part due to
Base year installed capital costs for BESSs decrease with duration (for direct storage, measured in $/kWh) whereas system costs (in $/kW) increase. This inverse behavior is observed for all energy
Costs come from NLR''s bottom-up photovoltaics (PV) cost model (Ramasamy et al., 2023). The cost per kilowatt hour is lowered dramatically with additional duration. Therefore, accurately estimating the
Buyers typically pay a broad range for utility-scale battery storage, driven by system size, chemistry, and project complexity. The price per kWh installed reflects balance of hardware,
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